Data & Reproducibility

Expectations for data availability and the ability to verify reported results.

Data availability

Authors should make the data underlying their findings available to readers where possible, either within the article, as supplementary material, or via a public repository, subject to ethical and legal constraints.

Data on request

Where data cannot be made openly available, authors must be able to provide raw data or field records to editors or reviewers on reasonable request during the review process.

Reporting standards

Authors are expected to report methods with sufficient detail and transparency that another researcher could assess or attempt to reproduce the work.